What Is Beijing Opera?

Beijing Opera is a unique synthesis of singing, dialogue, mime, acrobatics, and dancing, all combined to tell stories about characters from ancient Chinese history, mythology, and folklore. The performance typically explores a wide range of emotions, including joy, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, and love. Characters in Beijing Opera are often sharply defined by their role in the story—whether loyal or treacherous, beautiful or ugly, virtuous or villainous. These characters come to life through elegant costumes, exaggerated facial makeup, and stylized movements that have become synonymous with this art form.

The Four Main Character Types in Beijing Opera

Beijing Opera is known for its distinct character roles, each representing different archetypes. There are four primary types of characters:

1. Sheng (生) – The male role, often a noble or virtuous character.
2. Dan (旦) – The female role, typically depicting young women or courtesans.
3. Jing (净) – The painted-face male, often a villain or a warrior, characterized by bold facial makeup and a strong presence.
4. Chou (丑) – The comic role, usually a clown or servant, who provides humor to the performance.

Each of these roles can lead a performance, with the Dan category being unique in that it exclusively features female characters, often played by men in traditional performances.

The Repertoire of Beijing Opera

Beijing Opera performances are largely based on historical tales and mythological stories, spanning a wide array of ancient periods—from the legendary times of Yao, Shun, and Yu, through the major dynastic periods such as the Qin, Han, Tang, and Qing Dynasties. The repertoire often portrays emperors, ministers, warriors, and renowned figures from China’s history, with plots revolving around loyalty, betrayal, and heroism.

Some of the most popular stories include:

• The Ruse of Empty City
• The Story of the White Snake
• The Drunken Concubine
• Unicorn-Trapping Purse

These operas, while rooted in history, often contain dramatic and artistic liberties for emotional impact, making them both entertaining and enlightening for audiences.

The Music of Beijing Opera

The music of Beijing Opera is another essential aspect that defines its unique sound. The melodies are characterized by harmonious rhythms that are pleasing to the ear. Beijing Opera music can be classified into two main styles: Xipi and Erhong, both of which have distinct rhythmic patterns and melodies.

Accompanying the performance are traditional Chinese instruments such as:

• Jinghu (a two-stringed bowed instrument)
• Yueqin (a four-stringed plucked instrument)
• Sanxian (a three-stringed plucked instrument)
• Suona horn, flute, drum, gong, and cymbals

These instruments provide a dynamic and evocative soundscape that enhances the storytelling.

The Costumes and Facial Make-Up

Arguably one of the most recognizable aspects of Beijing Opera is its costumes. These elaborate outfits are often made using hand-sewing and embroidery, showcasing traditional Chinese patterns and brilliant colors. The costumes not only serve as artistic expressions but also provide insights into the character’s status, personality, and role in the story.

Equally important is the facial make-up (脸谱, liǎnpǔ), which is used to symbolize various character traits. For instance:

• Black often represents wisdom and honesty.
• White signifies treachery and cunning.
• Red is used for brave or loyal characters.

This use of color in makeup is symbolic and essential for audiences to understand the characters’ roles and personalities even before they speak.

The Beijing Opera Stage and Set-up

Beijing Opera performances traditionally take place on stages that are simple yet effective. These stages are usually square platforms exposed on three sides, with a minimalistic set to allow the performers to engage fully with the audience. Shoujiu curtains, used in traditional settings, divide the stage into two areas: the performance space and backstage.

In recent years, the stage setups have become more elaborate, but the focus remains on the performers and their storytelling abilities.

Famous Beijing Opera Performers

Beijing Opera has a long history of legendary performers. One of the most renowned figures in the art form is Mei Lanfang, who made significant contributions to the global recognition of Beijing Opera in the early 20th century. Mei Lanfang is credited with bringing Beijing Opera to international audiences, particularly during his 1919 visit to Japan, which helped establish Beijing Opera as a global art form.

The profession of Beijing Opera was once considered a lower-class occupation in Chinese society, and it was historically dominated by male performers. However, the industry has become more gender-equal in recent years, with both men and women now taking on leading roles.

Where to Experience Beijing Opera

For visitors to Beijing, Li Yuan Theater is one of the best places to enjoy a traditional Beijing Opera performance. The theater offers an intimate setting where you can watch skilled performers in elaborate costumes bring to life the drama and beauty of this ancient art form.

Location:
Li Yuan Theater, 1st Floor, Qianmen Jianguo Hotel, No. 175 Yong’an Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing.
Performance Times: 7:30 PM – 9:00 PM, daily year-round.
Transportation: Easily accessible via public transportation or with the help of a guided tour.

The History of Beijing Opera

Beijing Opera has a history of nearly 200 years. It originated in 1790, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, when four major opera troupes from Anhui Province merged with other regional opera styles such as Kunqu and Yiyang opera. Over the course of several decades, these styles blended to create the distinct form of Beijing Opera we know today.

The art form flourished through the Qing Dynasty and beyond, becoming an important cultural symbol. Despite political changes, Beijing Opera has remained an enduring part of Chinese culture, preserving history and stories for future generations.

Beijing Opera’s Global Influence

The global popularity of Beijing Opera surged when Mei Lanfang performed in Japan in 1919, leading to a wave of international interest. Today, Beijing Opera is performed around the world, and its performances are often seen in major international cities and Chinatowns. This cultural exchange has helped solidify Beijing Opera’s place as an essential part of global artistic heritage.

Conclusion

Beijing Opera is not just a performance art; it is a profound expression of Chinese culture, rich in history, music, and symbolism. Whether you’re experiencing it for the first time or are already familiar with its grandeur, the beauty and depth of Beijing Opera are sure to leave an unforgettable impression.